Recherches géographiques dans le Tiers Monde ? Libres réflexions sur une pratique de la géographie à l'ORSTOM (4 tabl.)

Geographical research in the Third World : some reflections on the practice of geography at ORSTOM. — Geographers at ORSTOM are committed to the study of Third World countries, and these are mainly located in the Tropics. The focus of research rests on issues associated with the process generally labelled "development". At ORSTOM one finds geography in action, often conducted in multidisciplinary teams who make a point of grounding their efforts on field-based research practice.Les géographes de l'ORSTOM sont, par nature, voués à des recherches dans les pays du Tiers Monde, situés le plus souvent en zone tropicale. Ils s'intéressent aux problèmes de ce qu'il est convenu d'appeler le « développement ». Ils pratiquent une géographie active qui s'effectue fréquemment dans le cadre d'équipes multidisciplinaires et dont le trait distinctif est de partir d'une pratique de terrain.Antheaume Benoît, Bonnemaison Joël, Lericollais André, Marchal Jean-Yves. Recherches géographiques dans le Tiers Monde ? Libres réflexions sur une pratique de la géographie à l'ORSTOM (4 tabl.). In: Espace géographique, tome 13, n°4, 1984. pp. 353-360

How capacity building of district health managers has been designed, delivered and evaluated in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review and best fit framework analysis

Objectives We aimed to understand how capacity building programmes (CBPs) of district health managers (DHMs) have been designed, delivered and evaluated in sub-Saharan Africa. We focused on identifying the underlying assumptions behind leadership and management CBPs at the district level.Design Scoping review.Data sources We searched five electronic databases (MEDLINE, Health Systems Evidence, Wiley Online Library, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar) on 6 April 2021 and 13 October 2022. We also searched for grey literature and used citation tracking.Eligibility criteria We included all primary studies (1) reporting leadership or management capacity building of DHMs, (2) in sub-Saharan Africa, (3) written in English or French and (4) published between 1 January 1987 and 13 October 2022.Data extraction and synthesis Three independent reviewers extracted data from included articles. We used the best fit framework synthesis approach to identify an a priori framework that guided data coding, analysis and synthesis. We also conducted an inductive analysis of data that could not be coded against the a priori framework.Results We identified 2523 papers and ultimately included 44 papers after screening and assessment for eligibility. Key findings included (1) a scarcity of explicit theories underlying CBPs, (2) a diversity of learning approaches with increasing use of the action learning approach, (3) a diversity of content with a focus on management rather than leadership functions and (4) a diversity of evaluation methods with limited use of theory-driven designs to evaluate leadership and management capacity building interventions.Conclusion This review highlights the need for explicit and well-articulated programme theories for leadership and management development interventions and the need for strengthening their evaluation using theory-driven designs that fit the complexity of health systems

An Analysis of Cloud Gaming Platforms Behaviour Under Synthetic Network Constraints and Real Cellular Networks Conditions

International audienceWith the recent technological evolutions in networks and increased deployment of multi-tier clouds, cloud gaming (CG) is gaining renewed interest and is expected to become a major Internet service in the upcoming years. Many companies have launched powerful platforms such as Google Stadia, Nvidia GeForce Now, Microsoft xCloud, Sony PlayStation Now, among others, to attract players. However, for all endusers to fully enjoy their gaming sessions over the wide range of network access qualities, CG platforms must adapt their traffic. In this paper, we present the outcomes of a comprehensive measurement study performed on the four aforementioned CG platforms, configuring different synthetic network constraints like packet loss, throughput decrease, latency increase and jitter variation to observe the traffic of these CG platforms under degraded network conditions and infer their adaptive behaviour. We also present how the four CG platforms behave when used under real cellular network conditions, captured on the Orange network in January 2022. Our findings show that the four platforms exhibit different adaptation behaviours. Moreover, many cases result in a degraded QoS, leaving room for further improvements at both application and/or network levels